Past Show Archives
2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | 2008 | 2007 |
Past Show Archives
2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | 2008 | 2007 |
Mega friend of the Monster Talk show comes on my podcast to talk about Graham Hancock and Ancient Apocalypse. Are archaeologist really scratching their heads wondering how civilizations emerged separately? No. Not at all. Buy his books at Amazon. As he notes in the show you can email him at his academic email feder@ccsu.edu and get a discount! You don't even have to be old like us.
Kyle Polich of the Data Skeptic Podcast comes on to talk about the so-called Dead Internet Theory. Is Social Media AI serving up content for AI bots and are humans are now out of the equation?
Journalist Carolyn Shuck returns to talk about Max Azzarello, the guy who lit himself on fire outside the Trump trial. Is the economy truly a giant Ponzi scheme like he claimed in his manifesto claims?
Dr. David D. Perlmutter, a professor of Media and Communication at Texas Tech, returns for a breaking emergency episode about the attempted assassination of Donald Trump and how conspiracy theories are literally playing themselves out, on both sides, right before our eyes. The title might be a little exaggerated but that's the way to get ears and eyeballs! Amiright?
New England author Eric Bickernicks is back with a sequel to his 2019 novel High Strangeness. It's naturally called Higher Strangeness. His first novel is stil a free Kindle download but do please consider buying this one.
Dr. Karen Stollznow comes on to discuss her new book Missed Conceptions. It's a book that looks at Karen's own journey to have a child as well as how history has treated women who are unable to have children. Missed Conceptions is a frank and honest work that anyone who is considering having a child should read.
Dr. Perlmutter and I review some of the key conspiracies that hit the net and airwaves this year and what it says about where society is heading.
If that voice sounds familiar it is because Darren McKee is the regular intro voice of Canada's long running and well regarded Reality Check podcast. When he's not podcasting, he is a policy advisor in Ottawa. Darren has recently published a very timely book on AI called Uncontrollable: The Threat of Artificial Superintelligence and the Race to Save the World (US Amazon link). We talk about his book and AI's past, present, and possible futures. Is AI like a more efficient tractor that will destroy some jobs but create more? Or is it something dot dot dot else? Canadian purchasers see here.
Continuing in our Canadian trilogy, Antoine Delbast is a long time listener who comes on to talk about being secular celebrant who can marry people in Quebec 100 percent legal like. He talks about his journey from growing up in a secular French Canadian household to his life as a youthful believer in UFOs to his life as a skeptic.
Jeff Dupuis is a Canadian author, based in Toronto, who has written a series of mystery books called Creature X. His books (Roanoke Ridge, Lake Cresent, and Umboi Island) are not just whodunit novels but weave in cryptids and skepticism! He comes on the podcast to talk about his skeptical approach to writing and researching cryptids. Apologies: Jeff's family also comes from my hometown of Windsor so we chat a bit out that. As well, we're a couple Canadian lefties so we side track a bit there too. Canadian readers should check out his author page at Dundurn Press. American listeners, and points beyond, should find his books on Amazon.
It's finally show 100! Yeah. My very first official guest was Brian Thompson. Back then he was host of the Amateur Scientist podcast. Now he's host of the very funny, very meta Whatever Happened to Pizza at McDonald's. Brian comes on to talk about what he's been up to the last 14 years, the origins of his podcast, and how it mocks, among other things, conspiratorial thinking.
Cian Gill hosts an excellent podcast called Wide Atlantic Weird. It's skepticism meets Forteanism. Cian covers a wide range of topics but some of his best are when he brings on his brother Dr. Dónal Gill to talk about pro wrestling. No. Seriously. They come on my show to talk about one of the greatest pro westing conspiracies ever: the legendary Montreal screwjob.
Dr. David D. Perlmutter, a professor of Media and Communication at Texas Tech University, returns to talk about the the similarities between the true crime genre and conspiracy thinking.
Sean Ondes is cohost of the fantastic Wetwired podcast. You really need to add this to your feed! Sean comes on to talk about a nutso conspiracy theory about the hidden history of Tartaria, giants, phanon time, and why old buildings have high ceilings. Hint. It's for giants.
Eleven years ago Blake Smith came on to talk about his trip to visit the Georgia Guidestones. Someone blew them up July 6, 2022. Blake and I talk about what we've learned about "America's Stonehenge", who most likely paid for them to be built, and what this bombing says about the modern world of conspiracy cranking. We also spend some time looking how being a conspiracy skeptic, and a skeptic in general, has changed (not for the better) in the last 11 years.
Comic book artists and experts Celestia Ward (Squaring the Strange) and F Andrew Taylor (Geek Shock Podcast) join me to talk about comic books, the comic book moral panic, and various conspiracy theories surrounding the early comic book industry.
Dr. Brian Regal is a history professor at Kean University in New Jersey. He has become the go-to guy for cryptid topics by the media. Before he started tucking into things with big feet, Dr. Regal was a Cold War warrior. I have him on to talk about his days on the front lines as a tank commander and his experiences as an 18-year old in West Germany staring down the barrel of an M60 tank at T72s. Follow him on Twitter. See his Google page for his vast body of work. Buy one of his books at Amazon!
Host of Saucer Life Aaron Gulyas has written a book on conspiracies. He returns to this podcast to talk about one of his chapters that delves into one of the weirdest pyrmaid schemes in history (the Omega Trust), a weird fantasy law called NESARA, and a massive conspiracy involving the space brothers and world wide revolution. Get his book new book Conspiracy and Triumph on Amazon. You can also listen to his Saucer Life podcast.
Not an audio podcast but I did an interview with my local paper about my book and the nature of conspiracy theoires. Click on this link to read my ever so clever insights and how to defeat the mall gnomes before you have to renew your mortgage: Burlington author tackles conspiracy theories through humorously skeptical lens
Ivor Mectin is a pseudonym of a UK-based author who has written a guide to all manner of unhinged Covid conspiracies and crank ideas. He's come on to talk about writing his book and the many facets of Covid conspiracy thinking. Get his book on Amazon Covid-19: Ultimate Misinformation. You can follow him on Twitter
Geologist and legendary blogger Sharon Hill comes to discuss the ways aspects of geology is used to totally 100% prove the world is going to end. Not so much. Get her book Scientifical Americans: The Culture of Amateur Paranormal Researchers.
Tom Thumb, world traveler and author, talks about his latest book titled "Science for Hippies: An alternative guide to how we know anything at all". It's a brilliant, approachable book on how we know what we know. You can pick it up at a great price on Amazon in either Kindle or print on demand.
Dr. David D. Perlmutter, a professor of Media and Communication at Texas Tech University, returns to talk about Gamestop, conspiracies, and how major institutions are doing themselves no favors by playing into conspiracy perceptions.
Biden is president, despite all predictions made my Qanon cranks. What can we expect in the future now that prophesy has failed? Your Conspiracy Skeptic gives his hot take on the group’s future. We can look to apocalyptic cults of times past and see how they fractured. Qanon will probably break a similar way.
Happy American Thanksgiving. In what is an on and off again tradition, I try to release a podcast for my American friends for their Thanksgiving ultra long weekend. In this episode we look at several foundational works that have become core dogma in the world of UFOlogy and conspiracy thinking.
Aaron Gulyas hosts Saucer Life, a great history podcast about the early days of UFOs. Aaron comes on Conspiracy Skeptic to talk about how the UFO narrative went from kindly space brothres to shadowy conspiracies about aliens here to torture and mutilate us.
Monster Talk vet Jerry Drake returns to The Conspiracy Podcast to fulfill his promise to delve into a Civil War era secret society called The Knights of the Golden Circle.
Stephen Barnes is back to talk about his new expansion pack for his conspiracy themed trivia game called Conspiracy Theory: Trivia Board Game. A perfect gift for your skeptical pal or your Qanon thumping Uncle Frank. Stephen walks us through some choice, fun conspiracies found in his game. It's available on both Amazon and Amazon Canada.
Glen Kealey was something of an anti-government folk hero back in the late 80s. For some, an amusing footnote in 80s Canadian politics. He's the man who pressed private criminal charges on Brian Mulroney. Kealey has returned but with a different story, one independent investigator of all things bizarre and frequent Monster Talk guest Jerry Drake has come on to talk about. Or aboot.
Stephen Barnes has released a conspiracy themed trivia game called Conspiracy Theory: Trivia Board Game. It's an amazingly fun game and, if I can put in a plug, is a great Father's Day present for that hard-to-buy-for father. It's available on both Amazon and Amazon Canada. It's certainly a game True Believers can enjoy but Stephen has cleverly weaved in a helping of skepticism. On Conspiracy Skeptic we talk about the creation of the game, some of his favorite conspiracies, a few interesting Canadian conspiracies that made it into the game. And happy memorial day, American cousins.
Wes Brown is a fellow fan of the Monster Talk podcast. He comes on to make the point before 2016 conspiracy theories were just a kind of fun. They're not so fun anymore when people in power now base policy on them. We have a wide ranging discussion of conspiracy theories pre and post 2016 as well as we discuss Wes's semi sarcastic theory that MRA types are suffering from a kind of penis theft panic. Warning we do say "penis" quite a bit in this episode.
What if The Demon-Haunted World was written as madcap
comedy novel? Eric Bickernicks, along with his covivant Jan Brady, has written
a book about UFOs, conspiracy theories, Bigfoot, and pretty much everything
else from a skeptical POV... all in the form of a comedic narrative. It's a fun
read, a great idea, and currently available for free download at
high-strangeness.net.
James Scott Berdahl is a geologist working in Vancouver
and points between there and Whitehorse in the Yukon. While researching my
eventual book on Canadian conspiracies, I ran across a 2008 MA thesis by
Berdahl on a meteor that smacked into Canada's Yukon and some of the conspiracy
thinking that emerged from the locals. I got Berdahl to dig back into his
academic past and talk about the Tagish Lake Fireball on The Conspiracy Skeptic
podcast.
Jeb Card is cohost of an amazing podcast called
Archeological Fantasies. This podcast will change the way you think. If you
spend a lot of time watching Ancient Aliens and go "what the actual
fuck?", Archeological Fantasies is the perfect podcast for you. Jeb comes
on Conspiracy Skeptic to talk about the podcast, the origins of Qanon, how
archeologists don't actually hide skeletons of giants in the basement of the
Smithsonian, and just about everything else.
Back from the dead. Sort of. This is an early July 4 Conspiracy
Skeptic podcast for my American friends about to hit the road or airline
security line. I've been working on a book about Canadian conspiracy theories,
written specifically for an American audience. This is a sample chapter. I'm
about 3 chapters into a book that covers at least 20 chapters. So. Don't except
this to hit the shelves of B. Dalton Books anytime soon. Glen Kealey, Shelley
Ann Clark, Simon Reisman, Brian Mulroney, and a whole lot more all conspire in
the mid-1990s to convince Canada the USA is out to take our water! Oh yeah, it
never happened.
Nigel St. Whitehall returns to lend his knowledge as a
historian, loyal party member, and lawyer to discuss how hard it is to actually
rig the US electoral system. He also reveals he's cohosting a new podcast.
Dr. Karen Stollznow, host of Monster Talk and one of the
greatest all around skeptic working today, joins the Conspiracy Skeptic to talk
about some surprising conspiracies people of the Land Down Under have cooked up
in the last few decades.
Carrie Poppy from the Oh No Ross and Carrie podcast is on
to talk about a supposed conspiracy of silence around the Black Dhalia Murder.
As well we talk about her amazing podcast.
Dr. David D. Perlmutter is a professor at and Dean of the
College of Media and Communication at Texas Tech University. He's on Conspiracy
Skeptic to talk about how images are used and misused in history and politics.
Wesley Bonetti is co-host of the Atheist Nomads podcast.
He's also a member of the Satanic Temple. He comes on the podcast to talk about
what Satanists are really about. Spoiler: they're not kidnapping babies.
James K Lambert is a documentary film maker and he's
recently released a documentary about JFK Conspiracy types call Conspiracy
Theorists Lie. He stops in to this podcast to talk about his documentary, the
JFK conspiracy theory, and ruminates on why conspiracy theorists think the way
they think.
Rich Orman, formerly of Dogma Free American and now host
of Supreme Court Briefing podcast, comes on Conspiracy Skeptic to talk about
his experience as a DA prosecuting the 2012 Colorado mass shooting and the
despicable conspiracy theories that formed after the killing.
Dr. Stu is back to talk about participating in the New
Horizons mission to Pluto and various conspiracies.
A real, live Freemason, Blake Oates, turns up to clear
things up about Freemasonry.
Kyle Polich of the Data Skeptic Podcast comes on to talk
about The Bible Code.
James Foley, the Skeptical Vegan, joins Conspiracy Skeptic
to talk about the Waco Siege and its implications
Dr. Stuart Robbins, "Stu" to just me, is back to
talk about another end of the world prophesy. Do bad things happen when there
are four blood moons in a row that fall on Jewish holidays?
Elder Karl Mamer and Elder Neil Croll talk about bitcoin.
Does it have legs? Is the government out to crush it? How much snow would we
walk through to earn one bitcoin in 1987?
Mike Bohler returns to talk about the conspiracy to game
the 1919 World Series. It's about baseball.
Michael Kruse, from Huff Po and Bad Science Watch, gives
us a round up on the Wifi Freak Out that's happening in Canada. Is a Canadian
University professor right that wifi is a plan to make white suburban people
infertile? Have Canadians all gone mad at once?
Dr. Stuart Robbins, host of Exposing Pseudoastronomy, is
back to talk about his TAM experience, his new World Net Daily Watch project,
and whether or not a spaceship and squirrel were found on Mars. Hint: no.
Jakob Thorin (his last name is not pronounced like you
might think) comes on to talk about an odd duck who raged all over the JREF board
about the impossibility of building a nuclear (fission and fusion) bomb. Just
can't happen. Didn't work in 1945. Won't work today. It's just a money grab,
folks.
James Funston is helping get Portlanders on-side with an
initiative to fluoridate the water. He's had to take on the whole range of
anti-fluoridation arguments and conspiracies.
There was something in the air that night. The contrails
were too bright, Fernando. They were gassing you and me. For population
control, Fernando.
Your 80s flashback: When we thought role players were baby
killing Satanists. Hell, even Tipper Gore thought this.
Conspiracy skeptic podcaster Mike Bohler joins this
Conspiracy Skeptic podcaster to talk about a year in Conspiracy and what to
look forward to.
SGU board member and slave to corporations Derek (aka
"SkepticalEsquire: Derek-Albertan") comes on to talk about the
freeman/sovereign citizen movements springing up in Canada and the USA.
Dr. Stuart Robbins returns to talk about Mike Barra's
claim there's a Ziggurat on the moon and how all great scientific discoveries
start on a zombie themed game board. Science, bitches!
Does love avoid you so much it seems like a conspiracy?
Imagine being an atheist among Christians. Conspiracy Skeptic talks to Colorado
Skeptic Rich Ludwig about finding a relationship in Christian America.
Your Conspiracy Skeptic Karl Mamer examines whether or not
American and Canadian income tax is unconstitutional.
Joseph formerly worked in US Army intelligence and now
teaches English in Busan, South Korea. He comes on Conspiracy Skeptic to talk
about Roanoke Colony, adding some considerable detail to Brian Dunning's
Skeptoid episode on the same topic. Sadly, Joseph died a few years after this
episode aired.
Abbie Smith, HIV/retrovirus researcher, returns to talk
about a bizarre conspiracy involving scientists that should know better. Or why
Big Pharma this time around DOESN'T want to sell you expensive drugs.
Tom and Cecil from the Cognitive Dissonance Podcast stop
in to talk about their podcast and the "cures they don't want you to know
about".
Does the UFO religion Aetherius Society really have
irrefutable evidence? Karl examines their claims.
Fellow Invisible Sky Monster guest host Michael Bohler and
I go over a year in conspiracies.
Andrew Philips is a historian and works at a civil war museum.
He keeps encountering this over blown claim that slaves and freed men willingly
took up arms in defense of the confederacy and their way of life. This
knowledge has been suppressed by a vast Yankie Conspiracy.
Nigel St. Whitehall (and Lady St. Whitehall), come on to discuss the "theory" Pope John Paul I was murdered.
Stuart Robbins is now a newly minted Doctor. Herr Doctor
Stuart Robbins returns to Conspiracy Skeptic to fill us in on more 2012
foolishness, Mars foolishness, Billy Meier woo woo, and more.
Listener Jeff Syke outlines the religious right's claims
about a homosexual agenda and differentiates it from an actual gay agenda.
Jacob Jax is a young up 'n' coming magician/juggler in
Vegas. He's a TAM veteran. Jacob stops in on The Conspiracy Skeptic podcast to
talk about magic, how to get started in what seems like a secret organization,
and we tell war stories about punching above our weight in Vegas.
JoelWhy is the SGU board's nicest fan of Conspiracy
Skeptic. He comes on Conspiracy Skeptic to talk about H.P. Lovecraft and how
some people refuse to accept The Necronomicon is not a real book.
The Georgia Guidestones have been standing in a weird plot
of land since the early 1980s. They've increasingly become an irritant to New
World Order conspiracy nuts. Monster Talker Blake Smith is here to talk about
his own visit to the Georgia Guidestones.
Zen for the Hot and Bothered. A reading from the Book of
the Browbeaten. The Book of Revelation. A skit from my campus radio show days,
circa 1989. See people were doing skeptical comedy 20+ years ago! Oddly I
predict the death of CDs and the rise of MP3 players near the end of this skit.
Episode
Zen for the Hot and Bothered. A reading from the Book of
the Browbeaten. Joseph and his Amazing Technicolor Troop jacket. A skit from my
campus radio show days, circa 1988.
Episode
Skeptics' Guide board user Gurmukh Mongia (aka Parrot) has
a blog called The Dumbasses Guide To Knowledge. He's slowly working through the
truly horrible History Channel series Ancient Aliens and blogging and
podcasting about the crap science found on that show. Parrot comes on
Conspiracy Skeptic to talk about Ancient Aliens and the claim this knowledge is
being suppressed.
Astronomy doctoral student Stuart Robbins is back to talk
about Richard C. Hoagland and his various NASA conspiracies. This is Stuart's
last appearance before I have to call him Dr. Robbins. Or maybe Dr. Stu.
*tears* I remember him when he was knee-high to a Viking lander!
Amira is a hyper cool Canadian chef who travels the world
doing her chef thing. The Skeptical Review will soon have an update on what she
does and what makes her so damn cool but for now I need to respect her news
embargo. So let's just say she's damn cool. Besides being damn cool, she has a
damn cool "kitchen sink" conspiracy about the musicians of the hippie
generation and how guys like Frank Zappa and David Crosby were CIA stooges in
an MKULTRA mind-control op.
Listener Charles Smith made a compelling argument to
stretch the "conspiracies of the not too distant past" constraint and
do a show about the conspiracy theory around Jack the Ripper. You'll find
Smith's show a ripping good time! And if you see him at the next Skeptics in a
Pub. Buy him a beer! And the cheese plate.
Neil Croll is a listener and former Canadian neo-nazi
skinhead. He's on to talk about his transition to a non-racist middle-aged
skeptic and the ZOG conspiracy.
Trystan Swale is the host of the UK's Righteous
Indignation Podcast. He's been following the whole crop circle thing for a
while now. Swale is on to talk about crop circles, croppies, and the wild eyed
conspiracy accusations that swirl around croppies and people that actually make
them for giggles.
Paul Ganssle, Conspiracy Skeptic Listener and skeptic
about town, stops in to talk about David Icke and the Reptilian Conspiracy.
Journalist Carolyn Shuck and her friend from the Eastern
Establishment came on Conspiracy Skeptic to talk about their experiences at a
conspiracy convention. Audio is a bit wonky.
Nigel St. Whitehall, blog master of The Skeptical Review,
returns with a Falklands War era conspiracy. Claims the Argentinean air force
sunk a British aircraft carrier.
Jonathan Abrams is the host of Canada's SGU "Reality
Check", a weekly Skeptical podcast produced by the cracker-jack Ottawa
Skeptics crew.
Stafford Lumnsden of the Seoul Podcast talks about North
Korea, Kim Jong-Il, and the $100 super note conspiracy. Plus fan death.
Listener Ryan Davis stops in to talk about the Satanic
panic of the 1980s and early 1990s.
Stuart Robbins makes yet another appearance to talk about
a claim that Billy Meier predicted Apophis.
Stuart Robbins is back to update us on 2012, a supposed killer asteroid the Russians were yammering about, and a possible supernova neighbor.
Steven is a long time listener of both my previous podcast
Seoul Survivors and the Conspiracy Skeptic. He emailed me about this The Family
organization many months before the story broke in podcast land. I wanted to
have him on for a chat between two regular Joes about The Family, whether it's
an example of a real conspiracy, and the implications. If you don't know much
about The Family, I'd suggest first checking out D.J. Grothe's interview with
the author himself before tackling my podcast.
Hayley Stevens is co-host of a funny and thought provoking
skeptical podcast produced in the UK. In her spare time she's also a skeptical
ghost hunter. On Conspiracy Skeptic we talk about the claims Princess Diana was
murdered or even faked her own death.
Nigel St. Whitehall (a pseudonym) is a mild mannered
lawyer from Hershey, PA, creator of the Skeptical Review blog, and a
knowledgeable skeptic of claims that Oswald did not act alone.
Brett Spurr returns to shoot the breeze about some
economic ideas held tightly by conspiracy types: can/would China wipe out the
economy tomorrow by dumping dollars? Is the gold standard the only real form of
money? When we import goods, do foreign countries just make the money we send
them disappear and it never comes back?
Charles Morrison stops in to talk about a conspiracy
involving the Mormon church.
Rich Orman from the Dogma Free America podcast stops in to
talk about one of the greatest high kookin' conspiracy theories ever: the new
Denver airport is Reptoid Base Alpha.
Abbie Smith is a virologist who goes by the moniker ERV. She comes on to talk about HIV denial.
Stuart Robbins who talked about 2012 on Episode
2 is back to talk about the Moon Landing Hoax in the run up to the 40th
anniversary of Apollo 11 and the current LRO mission. And yes I know I
pronounce Hare Krishna wrong.
Brett Spurr of the Long Run Blog (a blog about skepticism
and finance) talks about the supposed Roswell cover up.
Michael Goudeau stops in to talk about vaccine hysteria,
autism, his possible appearance at TAM 7, Penn and Teller's Bullshit, how you
(or your boss) can actually hire him to entertain your corporate troops, and a
whole lot more.
Stuart is a young, gifted astronomy grad student who takes
on creationism and pseudoscience in his blog. In this episode, Stuart discusses
some of the attempts by pseudo scientists to explain why the universe is going
to try and kill us on December 21, 2012 and why that is so much pure crap.
Guest host Brian Thompson of the Amateur Scientist
Podcast. Still working on the sound quality. I have my mike up a wee bit too
high and you can hear my sniffling.
In an effort to keep Conspiracy Skeptic going and turning out shows on a more regular basis, I'm creating a new format where I interview a skeptical podcaster or blogger. I'm borrowing an idea from the now defunct Reason Driven podcast. The RDP would get a guest to read a chapter from a book called "The Reason Driven Life" and then talk about it. My plan is to get a skeptical podcaster/blogger to come up with his/her favorite conspiracy, research it for a week or two, and then have the skeptic on my podcast to discuss the conspiracy. My former Seoul Survivors podcast cohost Jennifer Booker Young was kind enough to help me do a beta edition to test out the format. The sound quality is pretty crappy on my end. Meh. Still trying to figure out audio on Vista and Skype. Hopefully the Grand Opening podcast with Brian Thompson of Amateur Scientist will have better sound (I bought a USB mike for that one). Anyway, this is a long winded way to say sorry about the crap quality and things will get better. I hope you'll all hang in there with me.
Conspiracy theories in Canada. The Avro Arrow conspiracy
and the planned destruction of Canada.>
HIV does not cause AIDS? HIV does cause AIDS but it's a
bio weapon? HIV does not exist? WTF is wrong with these people?>
Is there a massive conspiracy to suppress
too-cheap-to-meter energy?
Is there a Big Science conspiracy? Or is Expelled and
Michael Cremo fulla crap?
Is the Federal Reserve system crooked? Comments on the
flash film Money, Banking, and the Federal Reserve.
Is the Federal Reserve system crooked? Comments on the
flash film Money is Debt.
The moon landing hoax. The Phil Plait/Joe Rogan debate
revisited.
Alex Jones, Endgame, the New World Order, and North
American Union.
The great cancer conspiracy.
Part II of the conspiracy primer.
Part I of the conspiracy primer.